Aku Victor,memiliki banyak hobby yang bisa aku lakukan di setiap waktu luangku..........
Inilah hobby-hobby ku itu:

Bulu tangkis

Ardy B. Wiranata, pemain bulu tangkis terkenal dari Indonesia

Bulu tangkis (sering disingkat bultang) atau badminton adalah suatu olahraga raket yang dimainkan oleh dua orang (untuk tunggal) atau dua pasangan (untuk ganda) yang saling berlawanan.
Mirip dengan tenis, bulu tangkis bertujuan memukul bola permainan ("kok" atau "shuttlecock") melewati jaring agar jatuh di bidang permainan lawan yang sudah ditentukan dan berusaha mencegah lawan melakukan hal yang sama.

Partai

Lapangan bulu tangkis

Ada lima partai yang biasa dimainkan dalam bulu tangkis, yaitu:

Tunggal putra
Tunggal putri
Ganda putra
Ganda putri
Ganda campuran

Lapangan dan jaring

Lapangan bulu tangkis berbentuk persegi panjang dan mempunyai ukuran seperti terlihat pada gambar. Garis-garis yang ada mempunyai ketebalan 40 mm dan harus berwarna kontras terhadap warna lapangan. Warna yang disarankan untuk garis adalah putih atau kuning. Permukaan lapangan disarankan terbuat dari kayu atau bahan sintetis yg lunak. Permukaan lapangan yang terbuat dari beton atau bahan sintetik yang keras sangat tidak dianjurkan karena dapat mengakibatkan cedera pada pemain. Jaring setinggi 1,55 m berada tepat di tengah lapangan. Jaring harus berwarna gelap kecuali bibir jaring yang mempunyai ketebalan 75 mm harus berwarna putih.

Perlengkapan

Raket

Secara tradisional raket dibuat dari kayu. Kemudian aluminium atau logam ringan lainnya menjadi bahan yang dipilih. Kini, hampir semua raket bulu tangkis profesional berkomposisikan komposit serat karbon (plastik bertulang grafit). Serat karbon memiliki kekuatan hebat terhadap perbandingan berat, kaku, dan memberi perpindahan energi kinetik yang hebat. Namun, sejumlah model rendahan masih menggunakan baja atau aluminium untuk sebagian atau keseluruhan raket.

Senar

Mungkin salah satu dari bagian yang paling diperhatikan dalam bulu tangkis adalah senar nya. Jenis senar berbeda memiliki ciri-ciri tanggap berlainan. Keawetan secara umum bervariasi dengan kinerja. Kebanyakan senar berketebalan 21 ukuran dan diuntai dengan ketegangan 18 sampai 30+ lb. Kesukaan pribadi sang pemain memainkan peran yang kuat dalam seleksi senar.

Kok

Kok adalah bola yang digunakan dalam olahraga bulu tangkis, terbuat dari rangkaian bulu angsa yang disusun membentuk kerucut terbuka, dengan pangkal berbentuk setengah bola yang terbuat dari gabus. Dalam latihan atau pertandingan tidak resmi digunakan juga kok dari pelastik.

Sepatu

Karena percepatan sepanjang lapangan sangatlah penting, para pemain membutuhkan pegangan dengan lantai yang maksimal pada setiap saat. Sepatu bulu tangkis membutuhkan sol karet untuk cengkraman yang baik, dinding sisi yang bertulang agar tahan lama selama tarik-menarik, dan teknologi penyebaran goncangan untuk melompat; bulu tangkis mengakibatkan agak banyak stres (ketegangan) pada lutut dan pergelangan kaki.

Memainkan bulu tangkis

Area permainan

Tiap pemain atau pasangan mengambil posisi berseberangan pada kedua sisi jaring di lapangan bulu tangkis.
Permainan dimulai dengan salah satu pemain melakukan servis.
Tujuan permainan adalah untuk memukul sebuah kok menggunakan raket, melewati jaring ke wilayah lawan, sampai lawan tidak dapat mengembalikannya kembali. Area permainan berbeda untuk partai tunggal dan ganda, seperti yang diperlihatkan pada gambar. Bila kok jatuh di luar area tersebut maka kok dikatakan "keluar". Setiap kali pemain/pasangan tidak dapat mengembalikan kok (karena menyangkut di jaring atau keluar lapangan) maka lawannya akan memperoleh poin.
Permainan berakhir bila salah satu pemain/pasangan telah meraih sejumlah poin tertentu.

Servis

Area servis

Servis dilakukan dari satu sisi lapangan (kiri atau kanan) menyilang menyeberangi jaring ke area lawan. Partai tunggal dan ganda memiliki area servis yang berbeda seperti yang diilustrasikan pada gambar. Bila kok jatuh di luar area tersebut maka kok dinyatakan "keluar" dan poin untuk penerima servis.
Posisi kiri atau kanan tempat servis dilakukan ditentukan dari jumlah poin yang telah dikumpulkan oleh pemain yang akan melakukan servis. Posisi kanan untuk jumlah poin genap dan posisi kiri untuk jumlah poin ganjil. Servis dari posisi kanan juga dilakukan saat jumlah poin masih nol.
Pada set pertama pemain/pasangan yang melakukan servis untuk pertam kali ditentukan dengan undian, sedangkan untuk set berikutnya dilakukan oleh pemenang dari set sebelumnya.
Untuk partai ganda, beberapa peraturan berbeda diterapkan untuk perhitungan poin menggunakan sistem pindah bola dan sistem reli poin:

Sistem pindah bola

Sebelum pertandingan dimulai, harus ditentukan salah seorang pemain dari tiap-tiap pasangan sebagai "orang pertama". Pilihan ini berlaku untuk setiap set yang dimainkan.
Jumlah poin genap atau ganjil menentukan posisi "orang pertama" saat melakukan servis.
Setiap pasangan mempunyai dua kali kesempatan servis (masing-masing untuk tiap pemain) sebelum pindah bola, kecuali servis pertama pada tiap-tiap awal set tidak mendapat kesempatan kedua.
Saat pindah bola, servis pertama selalu dilakukan oleh pemain yang berada di sebelah kanan, bukan oleh "orang pertama".

Sistem reli poin

Setiap pasangan hanya mendapat satu kali kesempatan servis, tidak ada servis kedua.
Servis dilakukan oleh pemain yang posisinya sesuai dengan poin yang telah diraih oleh pasangan tersebut.
Pemain yang sama akan terus melakukan servis sampai poin berikutnya diraih oleh lawan.

Sistem perhitungan poin

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sistem perhitungan poin bulu tangkis

Sejak Mei 2006, pada kejuaraan resmi seluruh partai menggunakan sistem perhitungan 3x21 reli poin. Pemenang adalah pemain/pasangan yang telah memenangkan dua set.

Sejarah

Permainan Battledore and Shuttlecock pada tahun 1854

Olah raga yang dimainkan dengan kok dan raket, kemungkinan berkembang di Mesir kuno sekitar 2000 tahun lalu tetapi juga disebut-sebut di India dan Republik Rakyat Cina.
Nenek moyang terdininya diperkirakan ialah sebuah permainan Tionghoa, Jianzi yang melibatkan penggunaan kok tetapi tanpa raket. Alih-alih, objeknya dimanipulasi dengan kaki. Objek/misi permainan ini adalah untuk menjaga kok agar tidak menyentuh tanah selama mungkin tanpa menggunakan tangan.
Di Inggris sejak zaman pertengahan permainan anak-anak yang disebut Battledores dan Shuttlecocks sangat populer. Anak-anak pada waktu itu biasanya akan memakai dayung/tongkat (Battledores) dan bersiasat bersama untuk menjaga kok tetap di udara dan mencegahnya dari menyentuh tanah. Ini cukup populer untuk menjadi nuansa harian di jalan-jalan London pada tahun 1854 ketika majalah Punch mempublikasikan kartun untuk ini.
Penduduk Inggris membawa permainan ini ke Jepang, Republik Rakyat Cina, dan Siam (sekarang Thailand) selagi mereka mengolonisasi Asia. Ini kemudian dengan segera menjadi permainan anak-anak di wilayah setempat mereka.
Olah raga kompetitif bulu tangkis diciptakan oleh petugas Tentara Britania di Pune, India pada abad ke-19 saat mereka menambahkan jaring dan memainkannya secara bersaingan. Oleh sebab kota Pune dikenal sebelumnya sebagai Poona, permainan tersebut juga dikenali sebagai Poona pada masa itu.
Para tentara membawa permainan itu kembali ke Inggris pada 1850-an. Olah raga ini mendapatkan namanya yang sekarang pada 1860 dalam sebuah pamflet oleh Isaac Spratt, seorang penyalur mainan Inggris, berjudul "Badminton Battledore - a new game" ("Battledore bulu tangkis - sebuah permainan baru"). Ini melukiskan permainan tersebut dimainkan di Gedung Badminton (Badminton House), estat Duke of Beaufort's di Gloucestershire, Inggris.
Rencengan peraturan yang pertama ditulis oleh Klub Badminton Bath pada 1877. Asosiasi bulu tangkis Inggris dibentuk pada 1893 dan kejuaraan internasional pertamanya berunjuk-gigi pertama kali pada 1899 dengan Kejuaraan All England.
bulu tangkis menjadi sebuah olah raga populer di dunia, terutama di wilayah Asia Timur dan Tenggara, yang saat ini mendominasi olah raga ini, dan di negara-negara Skandinavia.

Induk organisasi

International Badminton Federation (IBF) didirikan pada tahun 1934 dan membukukan Inggris, Irlandia, Skotlandia, Wales, Denmark, Belanda, Kanada, Selandia Baru, dan Prancis sebagai anggota-anggota pelopornya. India bergabung sebagai afiliat pada tahun 1936. Pada IBF Extraordinary General Meeting di Madrid, Spanyol, September 2006, usulan untuk mengubah nama International Badminton Federation menjadi Badminton World Federation (BWF) diterima dengan suara bulat oleh seluruh 206 delegasi yang hadir.
Olah raga ini menjadi olah raga Olimpiade Musim Panas di Olimpiade Barcelona tahun 1992. Indonesia dan Korea Selatan sama-sama memperoleh masing-masing dua medali emas tahun itu.

Sepak bola

Seorang penyerang (merah) menggiring bola melalui dua orang pemain belakang dan akan menendang bola ke arah kiper yang menjaga gawang.

Sepak bola adalah permainan bola yang sangat populer dimainkan oleh dua tim, yang masing-masing beranggotakan sebelas orang.

Peraturan sepak bola

Peraturan resmi permainan sepak bola (Laws of the Game) adalah:

Peraturan 1: Lapangan sepak bola
Peraturan 2: Bola
Peraturan 3: Jumlah Pemain
Peraturan 4: Peralatan Pemain
Peraturan 5: Wasit yang mengatur pertandingan
Peraturan 6: Asisten wasit
Peraturan 7: Lama Permainan
Peraturan 8: Bola Keluar dan di Dalam Lapangan
Peraturan 9: Cara Mendapatkan Angka
Peraturan 10: Offside
Peraturan 11: Pelanggaran
Peraturan 12: Tendangan bebas
Peraturan 13: Tendangan
Peraturan 14: Lemparan dalam
Peraturan 15: Tendangan gawang

Selain peraturan-peraturan di atas internasional , keputusan-keputusan Badan Asosiasi Sepak bola Daerah (IFAB) lainnya turut menambah peraturan dalam sepak bola. Peraturan-peraturan lengkapnya dapat di situs web FIFA.

Tujuan permainan

Dua tim yang masing-masing terdiri dari 11 orang bertarung untuk memasukkan sebuah bola bundar ke gawang lawan ("mencetak gol"). Tim yang mencetak lebih banyak gol adalah sang pemenang (biasanya dalam jangka waktu 90 menit, tetapi ada cara lainnya untuk menentukan pemenang jika hasilnya seri). akan diadakan pertambahan waktu 2x 15 menit dan apabila dalam pertambahan waktu hasilnya masih seri akan diadakan adu penalti yang setiap timnya akan diberikan lima kali kesempatan untuk menendang bola ke arah gawang dari titik penalti yang berada di dalam daerah kiper hingga hasilnya bisa ditentukan. Peraturan terpenting dalam mencapai tujuan ini adalah para pemain (kecuali penjaga gawang) tidak boleh menyentuh bola dengan tangan mereka selama masih dalam permainan.

Taktik Permainan

Taktik yang biasa dipakai oleh klub-klub sepak bola adalah sebagai berikut:

4-4-2 (klasik: empat pemain belakang/skipper)
4-4-2 (dengan dua gelandang sayap)
4-4-1-1 (2 pasang gelandang sayap,satu gelandang serang dan striker tunggal)
4-2-4 (2 sayap)
4-3-2-1 (3 pemain gelandang tengah,2 gelandang serang,dan striker tunggal)
4-3-1-2 (4 bek,3 gelandang bertahan,1 penyerang lubang,2 striker)
4-5-1 (4 bek,2 sayap,3 gelandang,1 striker)
4-3-3 (4 bek,3 gelandang bertahan,2 striker sayap,1 striker tengah)
4-2-3-1 (2 bek tengah,2 bek sayap, 2 winger,1 penyerang lubang,1 striker)
4-3-3 (2 bek sayap,2 bek tengah,2 sayap,1 gelandang bertahan,3 striker tengah)
4-1-4-1 (4 bek,1 gelandang bertahan,4 gelandang,1 striker)
3-4-3 (dengan winger)
3-5-2 (dengan libero/sweeper)
3-5-2 (tanpa libero/sweeper)
3-6-1
5-4-1

Taktik yang dipakai oleh sebuah tim selalu berubah tergantung dari kondisi yang terjadi selama permainan berlangsung. Pada intinya ada tiga taktik yang digunakan yaitu; Bertahan, Menyerang, dan Normal.

Ofisial

Sebuah pertandingan diperintah oleh seorang wasit yang mempunyai "wewenang penuh untuk menjalankan pertandingan sesuai Peraturan Permainan dalam suatu pertandingan yang telah diutuskan kepadanya" (Peraturan 5), dan keputusan-keputusan pertandingan yang dikeluarkannya dianggap sudah final. Sang wasit dibantu oleh dua orang asisten wasit (dulu dipanggil hakim/penjaga garis). Dalam banyak pertandingan wasit juga dibantu seorang ofisial keempat yang dapat menggantikan seorang ofisial lainnya jika diperlukan.selain itu juga mereka membutuhkan alat-alat untuk membantu jalannya petandingan seperti:

papan pengganti pemain
meja dan kursi

Peraturan

Lapangan permainan

Ukuran lapangan standar

Ukuran: panjang 100-110 m x lebar 64-75 m
Garis batas: garis selebar ... cm, yakni garis sentuh di sisi, garis gawang di ujung-ujung, dan garis melintang tengah lapangan; ... m lingkaran tengah; tak ada tembok penghalang atau papan
Daerah penalti: busur berukuran ... m dari setiap pos
Garis penalti: ... m dari titik tengah garis gawang
Garis penalti kedua: ... m dari titik tengah garis gawang
Zona pergantian: daerah ... m (... m pada setiap sisi garis tengah lapangan) pada sisi tribun dari pelemparan
Gawang: lebar 7 m x tinggi 2,5 m
Permukaan daerah pelemparan: halus, rata, dan tak abrasif

Bola

Ukuran: 68-70 cm
Keliling:10 cm
Berat: 410-450 gram
Lambungan: 1000 cm pada pantulan pertama
Bahan: karet atau karet sintetis (buatan)

Tim

Jumlah pemain maksimal untuk memulai pertandingan: 11, salah satunya penjaga gawang
Jumlah pemain maksimal keluar lapangan(tidak termasuk cedera): 4
Jumlah pemain cadangan maksimal: 12
Jumlah wasit: 1
Jumlah hakim garis: 2-4
Batas jumlah pergantian pemain: paling banyak sesuai jumlah pemain cadangan

Perlengkapan permainan

Kaos bernomor (sejak tahun 1954)
Celana pendek
Kaos kaki
Pelindung tulang kering
Alas kaki bersolkan karet

Lama permainan

Lama normal: 2x45 menit
Lama istiharat: 15 menit
Lama perpanjangan waktu: 2x15 menit
Ada adu penalti jika jumlah gol kedua tim seri saat perpanjangan waktu selesai
Time-out: 1 per tim per babak; tak ada dalam waktu tambahan
Waktu pergantian babak: maksimal 15 menit

Wasit sebagai pengukur waktu resmi

Wasit yang memimpin pertandingan sejumlah 1 orang dan dibantu 2 orang sebagai hakim garis. Kemudian dibantu wasit cadangan yang membantu apabila terjadi pergantian pemain dan mengumumkan tambahan waktu. Pada Piala Dunia 2006, digunakan ofisial ke-lima. Penggunaan 2 wasit sempat dicoba pada copa italia.Penggunaan 4 hakim garis kabarnya juga dicoba di piala dunia 2010,dimana 2 diantaranya berada di belakang gawang.

Percobaan penggunaan gol emas dan gol perak

Lihat: Gol perak; Gol emas.
Pada akhir 1990-an, IFAB mencoba membuat pertandingan lebih mungkin berakhir tanpa memerlukan adu penalti, yang sering dianggap sebagai cara yang kurang tepat untuk mengakhiri pertandingan.
Contohnya adalah sistem gol perak yang mengakhiri pertandingan jika sebuah gol dicetak pada perpanjangan waktu pertama, dan gol emas yang mengakhiri pertandingan jika sebuah gol dicetak pada perpanjangan waktu kedua.
Kedua sistem ini telah dihentikan oleh IFAB.

Kejuaraan internasional besar

Kejuaraan internasional terbesar di sepak bola ialah Piala Dunia yang diselenggarakan oleh Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Piala Dunia diadakan setiap empat tahun sekali. Lebih dari 190 timnas bertanding di turnamen kualifikasi regional untuk sebuah tempat di babak final. Turnamen babak final yang berlangsung selama empat minggu kini melibatkan 32 timnas (naik dari 24 pada tahun 1998).
Kejuaraan internasional yang besar di setiap benua adalah:

Eropa: Piala Eropa atau dikenal dengan nama Euro
Amerika Selatan: Copa América
Afrika: Piala Afrika
Asia: Piala Asia
Amerika Utara: Piala Emas CONCACAF
Oseania: Piala Oseania

Piala dunia mini (piala konfederasi)

Ajang tingkat klub terbesar di Eropa adalah Liga Champions, sementara di Amerika Selatan adalah Copa Libertadores. Di Asia, Liga Champions Asia adalah turnamen tingkat klub terbesar.
Sepak bola sudah dimainkan di Olimpiade sejak tahun 1900. (kecuali pada Olimpiade tahun 1932 di Los Angeles). Awalnya ini hanya untuk pemain-pemain amatir saja, namun sejak Olimpiade Los Angeles 1984 pemain profesional juga mulai ikut bermain, disertai peraturan yang mencegah negara-negara daripada memainkan tim terkuat mereka. Pada saat ini, turnamen Olimpiade untuk pria merupakan turnamen U-23 yang boleh ditamnbahi 3 pemain di atas umur. Akibatnya, turnamen ini tidak mempunyai kepentingan internasional dan prestise yang sama dengan Piala Dunia, atau bahkan dengan Euro, Copa America atau Piala Afrika.
Sebaliknya, turnamen Olimpiade untuk wanita membawa prestise yang hampir sama seperti Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA; turnamen tersebut dimainkan oleh tim-tim internasional yang lengkap tanpa batasan umur.

Sepak bola di Indonesia

Permainan sepak bola di Indonesia juga berkembang pesat. Ini ditandai dengan berdirinya Persatuan Sepak Bola Seluruh Indonesia (PSSI) pada tahun 1930 di Yogyakarta yang diketuai oleh Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. Untuk menghargai jasanya, mulai tahun 1966 diadakan kejuaraan sepak bola Piala Soeratin (Soeratin Cup) yakni kejuaraan sepak bola tingkat taruna remaja. Pada saat ini permainan sepak bola digemari oleh hampir seluruh lapisan masyarakat di Indonesia.

Keyboardist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

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A keyboardist is a musician who plays keyboard instruments . kibor adalah musisi yang memainkan instrumen keyboard . Until the early 1960s musicians who played keyboards were generally classified as either pianists or organists . Sampai awal 1960-an musisi yang memainkan keyboard pada umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai pianis atau organis . Since the mid-1960s, a plethora of new musical instruments with keyboards have come into common usage, requiring a more general term for a person who plays them. Sejak pertengahan 1960-an, kebanyakan instrumen musik baru dengan keyboard datang ke dalam penggunaan umum, membutuhkan sebuah istilah yang lebih umum untuk orang yang bermain mereka. These keyboards include: Keyboard ini meliputi:

electric pianos such as the Fender Rhodes and Wurlitzer electric piano piano listrik seperti Fender Rhodes dan Wurlitzer listrik piano
electronic pianos such as the Roland Digital Piano elektronik piano seperti Roland Digital Piano
Hammond and other electric organ such as the Farfisa and Vox Continental Hammond dan lain organ listrik seperti Farfisa dan Vox Continental
analog synthesizers such as Moog , ARP and units produced by a variety of other manufacturers such as Alesis . analog synthesizer seperti Moog , ARP dan unit yang diproduksi oleh berbagai produsen lainnya seperti ALESIS .
Analog modeling synthesizers produced by such companies as Alesis , and Novation Analog synthesizer pemodelan yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan seperti ALESIS , dan Novasi
digital keyboard workstations such as those produced today by Roland , Yamaha , Kurzweil and Korg digital keyboard workstation seperti yang dihasilkan hari ini oleh Roland , Yamaha , Kurzweil dan Korg
samplers samplers
mellotron mellotron
clavinet clavinet
pianet pianet
piano (but see Pianist for a list of famous pianists) piano (tapi lihat Pianist untuk daftar pianis terkenal)
harpsichord piano kuno
reed organ Reed organ
celesta Celesta
clavichord clavichord
pipe organ orgel tiupan
harmonium semacam alat musik
keytar keytar

Keyboadist elektronik terkenal

There are many famous electronic keyboardists in rock, pop and jazz music. Ada banyak keyboardists elektronik terkenal di rock, pop dan musik jazz. A complete list can be found at List of keyboardists . Daftar lengkap dapat ditemukan di Daftar keyboardists .
The use of electronic keyboards grew in popularity throughout the 1960s, with many bands using the Hammond organ, Mellotron , and electric pianos such as the Fender Rhodes . The Beatles became the first group to use the Moog synthesizer on a pop record on 1969's Abbey Road , with it being particularly prominent in the song Here Comes The Sun . Penggunaan keyboard elektronik tumbuh dalam popularitas sepanjang tahun 1960-an, dengan banyak band menggunakan organ Hammond, Mellotron , dan piano listrik seperti Rhodes Fender . The Beatles menjadi kelompok pertama yang menggunakan synthesizer Moog pada catatan pop pada tahun 1969's Abbey Road , dengan itu menjadi sangat menonjol dalam lagu Here Comes The Sun . In the late 1960s, a pioneer of modern electronic music Jean Michel Jarre started to experiment with synthesizers and other electronic devices. Pada akhir 1960-an, pelopor musik elektronik modern Jean Michel Jarre mulai untuk bereksperimen dengan synthesizer dan perangkat elektronik lainnya. As synthesizers became more affordable and less unwieldy, many more bands and producers began using them, eventually paving the way for bands that consisted solely of synthesizers and other electronic instruments such as drum machines by the late '70s/early '80s. Sebagai synthesizer menjadi lebih terjangkau dan tidak terlalu berat, ban lebih banyak dan produsen mulai menggunakan mereka, akhirnya membuka jalan bagi grup band yang hanya terdiri dari synthesizer dan instrumen elektronik lainnya seperti mesin drum oleh 70-an akhir / '80 awal. Some of the first bands that used this set up were Kraftwerk , Suicide and The Human League . Beberapa band pertama yang digunakan mengatur ini adalah Kraftwerk , Bunuh Diri dan Liga Manusia . Rock groups also began using synthesizers and electronic keyboards alongside the traditional line-up of guitar, bass and drums; particularly in progressive rock groups such as Genesis , Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Pink Floyd . kelompok Rock juga mulai menggunakan synthesizers dan keyboard elektronik di samping garis tradisional-up gitar, bass dan drum, terutama di progressive rock kelompok seperti Genesis , Emerson, Lake & Palmer dan Pink Floyd .
By the 1990s, fewer bands were using synthesizers, and even former purely electronic acts such as Depeche Mode began using traditional acoustic instruments alongside the electronic instruments. Pada tahun 1990-an, lebih sedikit band yang menggunakan synthesizer, dan bahkan tindakan mantan elektronik murni seperti Depeche Mode mulai menggunakan instrumen akustik tradisional berdampingan dengan instrumen elektronik. Increasingly, synthesizers became more and more unpopular in rock music, and became almost exclusively used by electronic dance music producers. Semakin, synthesizer menjadi lebih dan lebih populer di musik rock, dan menjadi hampir secara eksklusif digunakan oleh musik dansa elektronik produsen. Some of the more famous electronic production acts include The Prodigy , Massive Attack and Orbital . Beberapa tindakan yang terkenal elektronik produksi lebih termasuk The Prodigy , Massive Attack dan Orbital . Producers such as William Orbit and Brian Eno would also use synthesizers and electronic effects to add color to music by the bands they were working with. Produsen seperti William Orbit dan Brian Eno juga akan menggunakan synthesizer dan efek elektronik untuk menambah warna musik oleh band-band mereka bekerja dengan. Also the later 1990s saw the rise of fame for Madonna Wayne Gacy , keyboardist for shock rock band Marilyn Manson . (See also : Marilyn Manson ) Juga tahun 1990-an kemudian melihat munculnya ketenaran untuk Madonna Wayne Gacy , kibor untuk shock rock band Marilyn Manson :. (Lihat juga Marilyn Manson )
Perhaps as a result of the almost exclusive use of electronic instruments and samples in dance-pop and R&B , it became stylish among hard-rock enthusiasts and musicians to adopt an attitude of scorn and derision towards keyboardists and keyboard music. Mungkin sebagai hasil dari menggunakan hampir eksklusif instrumen elektronik dan contoh dalam tari-pop dan R & B , menjadi gaya antara hard-rock penggemar dan musisi untuk mengadopsi sikap ejekan dan cemooh terhadap keyboardists dan musik keyboard. As an example, guitarist Ted Nugent goes hunting and shoots a keyboard in one of his DVDs. Sebagai contoh, gitaris Ted Nugent pergi berburu dan tunas keyboard di salah satu DVD-nya. However, in general, the keyboardist has seen something of a resurgence in rock music in recent years, with bands like Maroon 5 , Athlete , Keane and The Killers featuring keyboards prominently. Namun, secara umum, kibor telah melihat sesuatu dari kebangkitan musik rock dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dengan band-band seperti Maroon 5 , Atlet , Keane dan The Killers yang menampilkan keyboard mencolok.

Airsoft gun

Classic Army M16A4 S.P.R. AEG with Aimpoint Comp2 Replica Red dot sight

Airsoft guns are replica firearms that propel plastic pellets by way of compressed gas or a spring-driven piston. Depending on the mechanism driving the pellet, an airsoft gun can be operated manually or cycled by either compressed gas such as Green Gas (propane), or CO₂, a spring, or an electric motor, but are ultimately fired from a piston compressing a pocket of air.

History

In 1980s Japan it was illegal to own a firearm^{[citation needed]}, but there was a large interest in them. Because of this interest, manufacturers started to produce realistic looking spring-powered guns. These guns fired several calibers of plastic or rubber BBs, but were eventually standardized into 6 mm and 8 mm sizes. The early spring-powered weapons then morphed into gas-powered ones, using a variety of systems. The hobby then migrated to North America in the mid 1990s.^[1] Then low powered spring guns transformed into Classic airsoft. About ten years after this time, Japan hit a recession just as AEGs, or automatic electric guns, hit the market. Many old manufacturers were lost, leaving Tokyo Marui, inventor of the AEG, as the primary manufacturer. Marui then invented an improved Hop up system, further improving the accuracy and range of the weapons. In the early 2000s, Classic Army of Hong Kong entered the scene and gradually improved its quality of guns until it now rivals Tokyo Marui. A few years later countless Chinese brands flooded ^[2] the market with cheap entry level weapons.

Usage

See also: Airsoft
Airsoft is used almost solely for recreational purposes, although some companies such as Systema Engineering and Celcius for Canada manufacture ultra-realistic high-velocity airsoft rifles advocated for law enforcement and military training purposes. Most airsoft players host games at a registered field where military situations are simulated, using AEG rifles.

Types of airsoft guns

Spring powered

Spring-powered airsoft guns are single-shot devices that use elastic potential energy (EPE) stored in a spring to compress air to launch an airsoft pellet down the barrel of the gun. The user must cock a spring gun prior to each shot. This is typically achieved by pulling back the slide (pistols), bolt (rifles), or the grip on a shotgun, which in turn compresses the spring and makes the gun ready to fire.^[3] Because of this, these guns are by definition incapable of automatic or semi-automatic fire. Spring-powered airsoft guns are generally not as powerful as gas and electric models, although some spring shotguns and sniper rifles can be very powerful and shoot at velocities of 400–700 FPS. These are not hard to find and are generally inexpensive, and don't usually last long because of the tension created by a powerful spring.
While most electric guns also use springs for propulsion of the airsoft pellet, they are not considered^{[by whom?]} to be in the same category as the single-shot spring-powered guns. Low-end spring guns tend to be much cheaper than their electric-powered equivalents due to their simplicity and lack of electrical components (spring assembly, electric motor, battery, and battery charger) and thus are widely available. These guns are less suited for competition because they are at a disadvantage against automatic guns in close combat and do not provide enough accuracy and power for long-range use. There are some exceptions, however, as higher-end spring-powered airsoft rifles can be quite expensive; these guns are typically suited for "marksman" applications in airsoft matches and provide competitive muzzle velocities. Additionally, pump shotguns are sometimes used, especially in CQB (Close Quarters Battle). In colder weather, spring pistols are more reliable than gas-powered pistols and even the batteries on AEPs (Automatic Electric Pistols) both of which can be adversely affected by extreme cold.
This represents one of the major advantages of spring-powered airsoft gun, as it can be fired in any situation, without reliance on an external source of power, such as batteries or gas. The lack of reliance on external power sources causes some players to favor spring powered guns. Spring guns are also less susceptible to the effects of water, where a battery-powered gun could malfunction when wet.
Spring-powered weapons are often cheaper than electric or gas powered weapons. They are also more readily available in most department stores. Because of their price and availability, spring guns tend to act as "training guns" to bring new players to airsoft games and are considered the primary weapon of "backyard skirmishes". Almost all airsoft players at some point owned a spring weapon, whether for its actual use in the sport or for the replica value since some airsoft weapons are only available as spring versions.

Electric guns

Electric guns, in their varying forms, use an electrically powered gearbox to compress a spring, which, when released, propels the pellet out of the barrel.

Automatic electric guns

An illustration of the working of a Version 2 gearbox

Jing Gong Steyr AUG AEG

Electric-powered airsoft guns typically use a rechargeable battery to drive an electric motor, which cycles an internal piston/spring assembly in order to launch pellets. Automatic, 3 round burst, and semi-automatic operation is possible which gives these guns the popular name "automatic electric guns" or AEGs^[4]. These guns often attain muzzle velocities between 150 and 650 ft/s and rates of fire of between 100 and 1500 rounds per minute. They are the most commonly used and widely available type of airsoft gun.
These type of guns were developed in Japan and the Japanese company Tokyo Marui dominates the market. In a Tokyo Marui AEG, the motor drives a series of 3 gears mounted inside a gearbox. The gears then compress a piston assembly against a spring. Once the piston is released, the spring drives it forward through the cylinder to push a pellet into the chamber, through the barrel, and forward from the muzzle. Many manufacturers have now more or less replicated this basic model, adding reinforced parts or minor improvements. These guns are powered primarily by nickel metal hydride (NiMH) with varying voltages and milliampere hours ratings. The most common battery is an 8.4 V large battery (between 2200-5000 mAh.) Also available are "mini" and "stick" batteries, which generally have 900-1600 mAh capacities. Voltages for NiMH batteries range from 7.2 V, all the way up to 12 V. The rule of thumb usually is the higher the mAh, the longer the battery lasts while the higher voltage, the higher Rate of Fire (RoF). Recently, however, Lithium-Polymer, or Li-po, batteries are becoming more popular in the airsoft world. These batteries can last longer and have higher mAh and Volts while at the same time, being small and light. Li-po batteries are usually at 11.1 V or 7.4 V and at varying mAh from 500 mAh to 6500 mAh.
External modifications, such as metal bodies and reinforced plastics that make AEGs look and feel even more realistic, have become very popular. AEG manufacturers such as Classic Army and Tokyo Marui produce replicas that are visually nearly identical to their real counterparts. Tokyo Marui, however, sticks with a durable ABS plastic, whereas Classic Army features full metal bodied guns and stronger furnishings. Most AEGs produced as of late are designed to be as visually realistic as possible.
The three most common AEGs on the field are the AR-15 series (M16 rifle, M4 carbine, etc.; sometimes referred to as the ArmaLite or Colt series), the Heckler & Koch MP5 series, and the AK or Kalashnikov series. Also increasing popular is the Heckler & Koch G36 and more recently, FN P90. Subsequently numerous parts for repairs and modifications are commonly available for these rifles.

Hybrid guns

Hybrid Airsoft guns are the newest type of airsoft guns on the market. Hybrid airsoft guns are basically standard AEGs with a "little extra reality" built in. The magazine is loaded with shell cases, each containing a single plastic pellet. These shell casings can have a small red cap, the same as those found in any child's toy cap gun placed on the top of them. These guns feature an electrically powered, full blowback system and operate on a "round-per-shell" basis such that for every pellet fired, a shell casing is ejected and the cap is fired providing a realistic sound and smoke effect. Since its debut, the only Hybrid guns seen on the market are cheap non-scaled M4 series and AK series guns, as well as M1 Garand, Kar98, and other rifle models. These guns are the least common type of gun on the market today.

Low powered electric guns

Dboys selective fire "Boys" Colt Commando electric rifle, approx. 3/4 scale, pictured with .12 gram Crosman ammunition and Cybergun

Called low powered electric guns (LPEGs) to distinguish them from the original, more expensive and more powerful AEGs even though their mechanical/electrical design and operation is similar. They are not to be confused with Mini Electrics (described below). Originally they were only of novelty value, often regarded below spring operated guns due to their construction and low velocities. Since there are spring action guns that can notably outperform the true low end LPEGs and can be found at comparable prices, they are generally considered to be better choices.

Medium powered electric guns

Some companies - like UTG with their popular MP5 and AK-47 models - have improved their quality to such an extent that some models are now considered simply as mid-ranged AEGs that are more affordable but still reasonably effective. Among airsofters, these are commonly called middle powered electric guns (MPEGs). Sometimes, MPEGs are copies or 'clones' of designs by full-price manufacturers like Tokyo Marui. As of late 2008 a small number of MPEG brands such as Echo-1/Jing Gong are considered by many to approach the quality and match the performance of the originals, at less than half the price. "Fully-compatible" MPEGs imitate the Marui or Classic Army originals so precisely that standard upgrade parts will work with them, making it possible to hot-rod an MPEG to well beyond stock out-of-the-box AEG performance.

Electric Blow Backs

Electric Blow Backs, also known as EBBs, are cheap electric guns, mostly modeled after real world pistols, which typically run from four AA batteries, AAA batteries, or rechargeable batteries. EBBs generally have less of a kick versus like a Gas Blow Back to simulate the action of a real pistol. However, a draw back to having the blow back feature is that the battery is quickly depleted.
Electric Blowback can also refer to a feature in some higher end guns which offers more realistic operation. Companies such as G&G now offer guns the Combat Machine M4 which has moving parts linked directly to the main mechanism of the gun, such as the bolt. Echo 1 has recently released a Blow Back MP5SD. These weapons perform identically to similar non-blowback offerings, with the added realism of reciprocating bolts and some recoil. Most incorporate Pneumatic blow back systems but some models are mechanical systems.

Mini electrics

Recently, the company UHC, well known for its spring guns, began manufacturing a range of electric guns in miniature size that fire only full automatic. They differ from LPEGs in that they are not replicas of real firearms, being miniaturized version of real firearms, mostly made of black or clear plastic.
They have a small ammo capacity, usually between 50 and 100 rounds, but they have good range and functional hop-up. They have become very popular in recent years, and are now being manufactured by Tokyo Marui, as well as the Taiwanese company HFC. These “minis,” as they are referred to, are not a viable option in games against AEGs since their small ammo capacity, short range and poor far range accuracy leave their wielder at a large disadvantage. Mini electric guns are able to compete with spring pistols at close ranges however, primarily due to their higher rate of fire.

Automatic Electric Pistols

Automatic Electric Pistols, abbreviated AEPs, were first introduced by Tokyo Marui in 2005 with their Glock 18C (followed later by a Beretta 93R model). They were the first handguns to incorporate an electric powered system that is capable of fully-automatic operation.
In cold weather, AEPs are often considered better sidearms than gas powered pistols, because batteries are not as badly affected by frigid weather. Gases like CO₂ and green gas are stored in liquid form and require heat in order to vaporize. A gas pistol at 10°F will usually only get one to two usable shots from a full magazine, and even they will be at reduced power because of the lowered pressure of the gas.
Because the gearbox and battery are smaller, the velocity of the pellets is relatively slow for airsoft play, and therefore are only good for close range. The velocity of an AEP is usually between 200 to 280 ft/s (85.3 m/s). However, the advanced hop up units on these new guns tend to compensate for the low power and can produce an effective range comparable to those of an AEG. CYMA has made a clone Glock 18C, which is a lower priced alternative.
An AEP differs from electric blow-backs because the AEP has a fixed slide (in which there is no external movement of the slide during operation), while an EBB attempts to simulate the "blow back" action in the slide experienced in a real pistol or Gas Blow Back (GBB). An AEP, however, has much more power and accuracy.
One of the newer AEP-styled guns is the Marui replica of the Heckler & Koch MP7. It is considerably larger than either of the other guns, and can be upgraded to a much higher power through the use of an external battery, but uses the same system as the AEP, so the classification is ambiguous. It is slightly more powerful than the others and is a suitable choice for CQB (Close Quarter Battle) games due to its small size and decent barrel- to gun-length ratio.
Some semi-automatic pistols can be modified to be automatic pistols. To make them more effective, they often use AA batteries or AAA batteries, and can be replaced with a 9v battery to make their ROF higher; this procedure, though, can often wear-out the airsoft gun, since a motor typically running from 4 AA/AAA batteries will take 6v to run, and a 9v would therefore theoretically put 2.25x as much energy through it since power is proportional to Voltage squared over a fixed resistance.
Due to restrictions on size, either the electric motor or batteries have to occupy space in the hand grip, reducing the available space for a magazine. Because of this no AEP uses a full size magazine found in most gas powered pistols. Many airsoft players find these stick-like plastic magazines too frail and breakable to endure an airsoft skirmish.
In addition, most AEPs are constructed almost entirely of plastic and have a light, toy-like feeling to them.

Gas powered airsoft guns

A gas blowback Heckler & Koch USP Compact replica, made by KSC.

Gas-powered airsoft guns use pressurized gas to propel pellets. These guns are capable of automatic and semi-automatic operation. The most common gases used are "green gas" (which consists of a mixture of propane and a polysiloxane lubricant) and HFC-134a^[5]. Less commonly used gases include "red gas" (which is actually HCFC-22), CO₂ and nitrogen/high pressure air. It is unlawful to use HCFC-22 as a propellant in the US. HCFC-22 is a Class II ozone depleting substance and its use as a aerosol propellant has been banned since January 1994 under section 610(d) of Clean Air Act. ^[6]
Red gas is usually avoided unless the airsoft gun has undergone modification, as its relatively high critical pressure can cause damage to the airsoft gun, such as breakage of the slide or bolt. CO₂, nitrogen, and high pressure air are less common because they need to be stored at higher pressures than "green gas" or HFC-134a.
The first ever gas powered airsoft guns were commonly referred to as 'classic' guns, owing to their age. These guns were most commonly powered by liquid propellants such as R-12 (Which was marketed by the Japanese as FLON-12 or DuPont tradename Freon 12)CFC-12 feed system with a majority of the configurations containing two tanks, one containing the CFC-12 and one used as an expansion tank, and the gun itself. CFC-12 was a commonly used refrigerant for car air conditioning and refrigerators.
It is considered a highly potent ozone depleting substance and listed as a Class I Ozone Depleting Substance by the US EPA. Its use as a general purpose aerosol propellant has been banned by the US EPA since March 1978 under 43 FR 11301 for use in aerosol use with a very few exceptions. ^[7] Its use is also banned in many countries under United Nations treaties. On Dec 31, 2008, the use of CFCs for medical inhalers were banned.
The use of Later users modified these old guns to be powered by regulated CO₂ canisters or nitrogen/high pressure air bottles to increase power and consistency. However, these guns have largely been superseded by the newer and more versatile AEGs, or automatic electric guns. One of the reasons for this is because the most commonly available propellant, R-12, is costly. Additionally, at high flow rates, liquid propellants tend to cool down, eventually freezing. As cooldown progresses, the rate of fire gradually decreases until the gun ceases operation. The user would then be forced to wait for the propellant to warm up again. CO₂ is not affected as badly by this tendency, and nitrogen/high pressure air is immune to it. Furthermore, if liquid propellant is introduced into the gun's mechanism, rubber parts can freeze and eventually damage the gun. However, it is unlikely for this to occur since once the gas is released from the containing cylinder it instantly turns back into its gaseous state, and expands rapidly. It is doubtful whether the retained pressure behind the pellet before it begins to accelerate down the barrel is enough to keep the gas in a liquid form. Also, any gun that is expected to be exposed to the intense cold of de-pressurizing gas should have materials that can handle it.
Gas power tends to be used in airsoft pistols where size constraints make electric-powered mechanisms impractical. Other instances where gas is favored are where adjustable velocities are required or where a blowback feature is desired. A blowback feature is a mechanism which cycles a slide or bolt to better simulate a real firearm's operation. Because of the mechanical complexities involved with distributing and regulating gas, these guns have largely given way to electric guns for less specialized applications, however, they still remain favorable amongst some airsofters. They are not just limited to pistols; submachine gun airsoft replicas and sniper rifle airsoft replicas commonly use gas mechanisms. Whilst the submachine gun replicas typically feature a blowback mechanism similar to the pistol replicas, sniper rifle replicas usually omit the blowback mechanism in favor of reduced recoil and increased muzzle velocity.
Along with using gas to power guns, it is also applied for use in replica grenades. These grenades are both projectiles, fired from a grenade launcher such as the M203 or GP-25, or throwable. The shells work on the system of an internal piston, filled with gas. Either a series of pellets or in some cases a rubber or soft foam head is seated in or on top of the shell. When the pressure is released the projectile(s) are shot from the launcher sent downrange.
In the case of the throwable grenades, inside the grenade there is a similar piston to the one used in the shells, but is on a literal "timer" that allows the user to clear the area of effect. Pellets or powder act as the projectile in the case of these grenades. Currently both types of grenades are not very common, mostly because grenade launchers are quite expensive and the throwable grenades are not very reliable.

Classic guns

Classic airsoft guns are usually older variety airsoft guns which are gas powered. Unlike the gas pistols of today, they can run on either an internal tank using conventional airsoft gas or use an external CO₂ tank much like a paintball gun. They generally cost more than the standard AEG but provide a more realistic approach to airsoft. Some models, such as those made by the Sun Project, feature a type of "recoil" provided by these guns. While these guns can become more powerful than AEGs, almost all users operate them at AEG power. These replicas often are fitted with a LRB (Long Range Barrel) instead of a traditional hop-up unit. The LRB turns the entire barrel into a hop-up system, giving a consistent spin on the BB. The rate of fire on these can be regulated by the amount of air being fed through the system, versus the motor strength of an AEG.

Sights

Optical sights are fairly common for use on rifles; mostly red dot sights for short-range use, and telescopic sights for longer-range use. These range from inexpensive sights designed for use on pellet guns and .22 rifles, to mid-range sights, usually inexpensive replicas of actual rifle sights (such as replicas of the famous M68 Aimpoint), to actual sights designed for use on rifles, including the EOTech Sights, and the Trijicon ACOG TA01NSN. Most of these sights are mounted on a MIL-STD-1913 Rail.

Magazines

KSC GLOCK magazines for their gas blowback models. Interesting features: the valve up top which releases gas when depressed by the hammer, and the lack of GLOCK logo on the right-hand magazine, as it came with a KWA GLOCK

Magazines are usually realistic looking replicas of real firearms' magazines and as such are made of the same materials like stamped metal or high impact plastic. They occasionally feature markings and/or engravings that match or mimic their real counterparts.
Gas blowback magazines are usually made out of thicker metal, since they contain compressed gas to power the guns as well as the pellets. The magazines usually have a valve on the bottom that is used to charge its internal cylinder with gas. They are designed to be similar in weight to a fully loaded magazine from a real firearm.
Airsoft magazines are divided into the following classes according to the number of pellets they hold:

Standard

Standard magazines are the type of magazine provided by Tokyo Marui and some other manufacturers with their guns. They are known as "Standard" or "Standard-cap" as they are the standard magazine for many weapons. Many contain around 68 BBs (the standard amount for a Tokyo Marui magazine) and are normally loaded by inserting pellets down a shaft, compressing a spring held inside that will later feed the pellets into the gun.
Standard magazines offer quiet operation (no rattle or manual winding of high-capacity magazines) and are sometimes the only option available for certain airsoft gun models. They are also useful to help players limit their ammunition consumption and simulate more realism by simulating the 20-40 rounds in a real rifle.
Standard magazines almost only come with Tokyo Marui guns whereas some companies like Classic Army or ICS supply high-capacity magazines with their guns. However, most magazines will not feed every single pellet, leaving 2-3 pellets at the end of the magazine or in the feed tube of the hop-up chamber (some players may circumvent this problem by inverting the gun to allow gravity to feed the pellets instead).^[8]

Low capacity (Low-cap)

Low cap mags hold no more than 100 rounds for AEGs. Low caps are used for players who are interested in a more realistic way than a player who uses mid or high caps. These mags can be used with all AEGS & other electric rifles, and are the only magazines available for pistols. They come standard with guns manufactured by companies such as Tokyo Marui. They are also standard with spring guns.
A low-cap mag uses a regular spring to push the bbs to the extraction point and they need to be manually fed 1 bb at a time to full capacity for all pistols and some rifles. For rifles, a speed loader is typically used which loads about 4-10 bbs per plunge.

Medium capacity (Mid-cap)

This is a loose category used to describe a type of magazine that has been modified to hold more rounds - usually between 100 and 200.
Traditionally, they still function like a standard/locap magazine and as such keep the advantage of quiet operation over high-capacity magazines (that require a winding mechanism), but minimize the disadvantage of a standard magazine's lower number of rounds. Increasingly, however, winding magazines are being released to the market and can be placed into this category due to their 200 rounds or less capacity.

High capacity (High-cap)

High-cap mags hold more shots than a mid-cap (about 200-1000), but a wheel has to be wound every 50-70 shots. High-caps are loaded by pouring BBs into the tank and either winding the wheel on the bottom of the mag until it clicks or operating the mag electrically.

Drum/Box Magazine

Drum and Box Magazines usually have the greatest ammunition capacity of all airsoft magazines; ranging from 2000 to 5000 rounds. These magazines replicate the ammunition boxes used by belt-fed support weapons such as M249s and M60s. Drum Magazines tend to replicate magazines like the Beta C-Mag and the equivalent for weapons such as G36s, AK-47s and MP5s. Drum magazines for assault rifles tend to be frowned upon by the airsoft community due to the style of "spray and pray" gameplay that goes hand in hand with them, along with their rare use in the real world. Internally these magazines work very similarly to High-Cap magazines and most have a push button operated electric motor to wind the spring that drives the feeding system.

Real capacity (Real-cap)

Real-caps are identical in operation compared to standard magazines, but they carry the same amount of ammunition that the real version of the magazine can carry, which is often much less than the standard magazine, e.g. an M-16 Real-cap will hold 30 rounds instead of the 68 of a standard magazine. Some ultra-realistic groups require the magazines to be weighted to actual firearm specs.^[9]
These tend to be used solely by those wanting the most realistic MilSim ("MILitary SIMulation") games. Again they offer the stealth of no rattling rounds, but their main use is for the realistic qualities.

Gravity Fed Magazines

Magazines that are placed on top of a gun like an FN P90. These magazines are on a slope so the BBs fall through a hole at the back of the magazine into the barrel. However, BBs will often stay at the end of the slope of the magazine, not feeding into the barrel. This can be countered by holding the gun at an angle or gently taping the side of the gun .

Performance

Airsoft guns shoot plastic pellets at velocities from 100 ft/s (30 m/s) for a low-end spring pistol, to 500 ft/s and beyond for heavily-upgraded customized sniper rifles. Most non-upgraded AEGs using the Tokyo Marui system are in the middle, producing velocities from 270 to 300 ft/s (80 to 90 m/s) with the exception of companies such as G&G, G&P, Cybergun, Aftermath Airsoft, D-boys, Cyma and Jing Gong which manufacture guns that produce velocities of over 328 ft/s (or 1J with a .2g pellet) stock. The internal components of most guns can be upgraded which can increase the pellet velocity significantly. Using heavier pellets (.25g, .3g, etc.) will significantly reduce the gun's muzzle velocity, but can increase accuracy at range and reduce susceptibility to wind drift. Conversely, lighter pellets may travel further but are less accurate. High-velocity AEGs often employ heavier pellets, as the velocity penalty does not affect them as much, while the accuracy benefits remain. Most high-end AEGs, such as Classic Army and Tokyo Marui, should not be loaded with anything lighter than 0.2 g pellets, as the lighter pellets (0.12 g, 0.15 g) are typically made for low-end guns, and are not built to the same quality (such as surface smoothness). The stresses the pellets go under upon firing could shatter lighter or poorly made pellets as they leave the barrel, potentially damaging both the weapon and the target.
Airsoft guns can be modified to increase pellet velocity, rate of fire, or reliability. For an electric airsoft gun, the pellet velocity can be increased by simply upgrading the mainspring. Doing this will increase the air pressure subjected to the pellet produced during operation. But due to the higher forces at play, it is advised that other parts should be upgraded together with the mainspring in order to maintain a high level of reliability. The rate of fire is increased by using a battery with a higher voltage, high speed ratio gears and/or a high speed motor. Rates of fire can be increased to over 20 rounds per second with very few upgrades, but with careful selection and extreme modification of gearbox components, rates of fire in excess of 50 rounds per second are not unheard of. In the case of gas guns, a higher pellet velocity can be achieved through the use of different types of gases and/or changing the valve. It must be noted that some gases have detrimental effects to some plastic components inside the airsoft gun.
Airsoft guns commonly come with mounts or rails on which you can add external accessories. Some common customizations added are flashlights, scopes and lasers. Since some airsoft guns have the exact external frame as real guns, you can use these external parts meant for real guns, but the opposite does not apply. In no way can an airsoft rifle be modified to shoot real ammunition. In most cases, add-ons are more for aesthetics rather than performance. However, some scopes must have scope rings (which are not usually included in airsoft gun packages) that are used to mount the higher end scopes to a default rail mount.

Trademark problems

Some airsoft guns can be such accurate replicas that they violate intellectual property laws (specifically those regarding trademarks), most notably some models from Tokyo Marui bearing Colt or Heckler & Koch trademarks that may not be imported into the United States. Certain companies such as Classic Army or ICS avoid this problem by licensing their replicas from the original manufacturers like ArmaLite by license from ActionSportGames or Olympic Arms. The airsoft company ActionSportGames has licensed trademark rights from many well-known firearm manufacturers, such as Armalite, DanWesson, CZ, Steyr, STI, B&T, Franchi etc..

[edit] House Resolution 607

On January 22, 2007, House Resolution 607: Military Toy Replica Act was sponsored by Rep. Rob Andrews (D-NJ), which states:

Directs the Secretary of Defense to require that any contract entered into or renewed by the Department of Defense include a provision prohibiting the contractor from requiring toy and hobby manufacturers, or merchants to obtain licenses from, or pay fees to, the contractor for the use of military likenesses or designations on items provided under the contract.

This would have meant that airsoft manufacturers producing airsoft guns based on those used by the Department of Defense would not have to pay licensing fees for importation into the United States, allowing legal airsoft versions of U.S. Military guns, with trademarks intact. ^[10]
This bill never made it past subcommittee, and has not yet been reintroduced.^[11]

Kamis, 02 September 2010

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